<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><testsuites name="pytest tests"><testsuite name="pytest" errors="0" failures="5" skipped="0" tests="69" time="498.320" timestamp="2026-06-09T12:03:15.273131+00:00" hostname="maas-group-test-s7ldn-e2e-maas-openshift-pod"><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyCRUD" name="test_create_api_key" time="0.115" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyCRUD" name="test_list_api_keys" time="0.151" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyCRUD" name="test_revoke_api_key" time="0.105" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyAuthorization" name="test_admin_manage_other_users_keys" time="0.132" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyAuthorization" name="test_non_admin_cannot_access_other_users_keys" time="0.094" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyBulkOperations" name="test_bulk_revoke_own_keys" time="0.257" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyBulkOperations" name="test_bulk_revoke_other_user_forbidden" time="0.033" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyBulkOperations" name="test_bulk_revoke_admin_can_revoke_any_user" time="0.099" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyExpiration" name="test_create_key_within_expiration_limit" time="0.035" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyExpiration" name="test_create_key_at_expiration_limit" time="0.040" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyExpiration" name="test_create_key_exceeds_expiration_limit" time="0.052" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyExpiration" name="test_create_key_without_expiration" time="0.031" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyExpiration" name="test_create_key_with_short_expiration" time="0.034" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyModelInference" name="test_api_key_model_access_success" time="0.108" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyModelInference" name="test_invalid_api_key_rejected" time="0.022" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyModelInference" name="test_no_auth_header_rejected" time="0.019" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyModelInference" name="test_revoked_api_key_rejected" time="2.118" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyModelInference" name="test_api_key_chat_completions" time="0.027" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyRevocationE2E" name="test_double_revoke_returns_404" time="0.092" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyRevocationE2E" name="test_revoke_nonexistent_key_returns_404" time="0.029" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyRevocationE2E" name="test_revoke_then_create_new_key_works" time="0.139" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyRevocationE2E" name="test_individual_revoke_multiple_keys" time="0.198" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeyRevocationE2E" name="test_revoke_keys_rejected_at_gateway" time="0.276" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestEphemeralKeyCleanup" name="test_cronjob_exists_and_configured" time="0.114" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestEphemeralKeyCleanup" name="test_cleanup_networkpolicy_exists" time="0.105" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestEphemeralKeyCleanup" name="test_create_ephemeral_key" time="0.101" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestEphemeralKeyCleanup" name="test_trigger_cleanup_preserves_active_keys" time="0.476" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases" name="test_create_key_for_active_subscription" time="11.344" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases" name="test_create_key_for_degraded_subscription" time="19.169"><failure message="RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500">self = &lt;test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases object at 0x7fed9e729970&gt;

    def test_create_key_for_degraded_subscription(self):
        """API key creation succeeds for Degraded subscription."""
        ns = _ns()
        subscription_name = "e2e-apikey-degraded-sub"
        auth_name = "e2e-apikey-degraded-auth"
        sa_name = "e2e-apikey-degraded-sa"
        missing_model = "nonexistent-model-apikey"
    
        try:
            oc_token = _create_sa_token(sa_name, namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE)
            sa_user = _sa_to_user(sa_name, namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE)
    
            _create_test_auth_policy(auth_name, MODEL_REF, users=[sa_user])
            # Create with valid + missing model to trigger Degraded phase
            _create_test_subscription(
                subscription_name,
                [MODEL_REF, missing_model],
                users=[sa_user]
            )
            _wait_reconcile(seconds=10)
    
            cr = _get_cr("maassubscription", subscription_name, namespace=ns)
            phase = cr.get("status", {}).get("phase")
            assert phase == "Degraded", f"Expected Degraded, got {phase}"
    
            # Create API key (should succeed)
&gt;           api_key = _create_api_key(
                oc_token,
                name="degraded-sub-test",
                subscription=subscription_name
            )

test/e2e/tests/test_api_keys.py:1207: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

oc_token = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6InRfeVh6bHhqQS0wT2F5U1ZSbEpPWTgzNGJMM0NjRlBCWjBMc29kWi1nakEifQ.eyJhdWQiOlsiaHR0cHM6Ly9wcm...57w3WjlGp59Mjd_VZTJAOraoOyeymEOLarlgDNuY87pJ4oc8iL1kVv_Gu-VIIqovXHYYevC2fneaN2wBuUqz8CZTkQLNxHKpMJn-Ky4FEGR_eFxpr3CN3g'
name = 'degraded-sub-test', subscription = 'e2e-apikey-degraded-sub'

    def _create_api_key(oc_token: str, name: str = None, subscription: str = None) -&gt; str:
        """Create an API key using the MaaS API and return the plaintext key.
    
        Args:
            oc_token: OC token for authentication with maas-api
            name: Optional name for the key (auto-generated if not provided)
            subscription: Optional MaaSSubscription name to bind (highest-priority auto-bind if omitted)
    
        Returns:
            The plaintext API key (sk-oai-xxx format)
        """
        r = _create_api_key_raw(oc_token, name, subscription)
        if r.status_code not in (200, 201):
&gt;           raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create API key: {r.status_code} {r.text}")
E           RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500

test/e2e/tests/test_helper.py:243: RuntimeError</failure></testcase><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases" name="test_create_key_for_failed_subscription" time="19.329"><failure message="AssertionError: Expected 403 Forbidden for Failed subscription, got 500: &#10;assert 500 == 403&#10; +  where 500 = &lt;Response [500]&gt;.status_code">self = &lt;test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases object at 0x7fed9e729dc0&gt;

    def test_create_key_for_failed_subscription(self):
        """API key creation is rejected for Failed subscription to prevent key spam."""
        ns = _ns()
        subscription_name = "e2e-apikey-failed-sub"
        auth_name = "e2e-apikey-failed-auth"
        sa_name = "e2e-apikey-failed-sa"
    
        try:
            oc_token = _create_sa_token(sa_name, namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE)
            sa_user = _sa_to_user(sa_name, namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE)
    
            _create_test_auth_policy(auth_name, MODEL_REF, users=[sa_user])
            _create_test_subscription(subscription_name, MODEL_REF, users=[sa_user])
            _wait_reconcile(seconds=10)
    
            # Patch to Failed phase
            patch_data = {
                "status": {
                    "phase": "Failed",
                    "conditions": [{
                        "type": "Ready",
                        "status": "False",
                        "reason": "Failed",
                        "message": "Test scenario",
                        "lastTransitionTime": datetime.utcnow().strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
                    }],
                    "modelRefStatuses": [{
                        "name": MODEL_REF,
                        "namespace": MODEL_NAMESPACE,
                        "ready": False,
                        "reason": "ReconcileFailed",
                        "message": "Test failure"
                    }]
                }
            }
    
            cmd = [
                "kubectl", "patch", "maassubscription", subscription_name,
                "-n", ns, "--type=merge", "--subresource=status",
                "-p", json.dumps(patch_data)
            ]
            result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
            assert result.returncode == 0, f"Failed to patch: {result.stderr}"
    
            cr = _get_cr("maassubscription", subscription_name, namespace=ns)
            phase = cr.get("status", {}).get("phase")
            assert phase == "Failed", f"Expected Failed, got {phase}"
    
            # Create API key (should be rejected for Failed subscriptions)
            resp = _create_api_key_raw(
                oc_token,
                name="failed-sub-test",
                subscription=subscription_name
            )
&gt;           assert resp.status_code == 403, \
                f"Expected 403 Forbidden for Failed subscription, got {resp.status_code}: {resp.text}"
E               AssertionError: Expected 403 Forbidden for Failed subscription, got 500: 
E               assert 500 == 403
E                +  where 500 = &lt;Response [500]&gt;.status_code

test/e2e/tests/test_api_keys.py:1276: AssertionError</failure></testcase><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases" name="test_create_key_for_pending_subscription" time="19.310" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionPhases" name="test_reject_key_for_unreconciled_subscription" time="22.716" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionFilter" name="test_search_filters_by_subscription" time="10.232" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_api_keys.TestAPIKeySubscriptionFilter" name="test_search_without_subscription_returns_all" time="0.205" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestMaaSAPIWatchNamespace" name="test_subscription_in_subscription_namespace_visible_to_api" time="8.544" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestMaaSAPIWatchNamespace" name="test_subscription_in_another_namespace_not_visible_to_api" time="23.361" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestMaaSControllerWatchNamespace" name="test_authpolicy_and_subscription_in_maas_subscription_namespace" time="24.017" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestMaaSControllerWatchNamespace" name="test_authpolicy_and_subscription_in_another_namespace" time="30.923" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestModelRef" name="test_auth_policy_model_ref" time="32.240" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_namespace_scoping.TestModelRef" name="test_subscription_model_ref" time="31.022" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestHeaderSpoofing" name="test_injected_identity_headers_ignored" time="0.080" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestHeaderSpoofing" name="test_duplicate_subscription_headers_ignored" time="0.069" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestExpiredKeyRejection" name="test_expired_key_rejected_at_gateway" time="5.066" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestCrossModelAccess" name="test_key_cannot_access_model_outside_subscription" time="0.055" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestAuthPolicyRemoval" name="test_authpolicy_deletion_revokes_access" time="5.068" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestMissingModelRef" name="test_subscription_with_nonexistent_model_ref" time="1.113" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestMissingModelRef" name="test_authpolicy_with_nonexistent_model_ref" time="2.822" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestHeaderAbuse" name="test_special_characters_in_subscription_header" time="0.152" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestWebhookValidation" name="test_subscription_rejected_in_unlabeled_namespace" time="6.135" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_negative_security.TestWebhookValidation" name="test_authpolicy_rejected_in_unlabeled_namespace" time="6.351" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAuthEnforcement" name="test_authorized_user_gets_200" time="0.085" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAuthEnforcement" name="test_no_auth_gets_401" time="0.017" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAuthEnforcement" name="test_invalid_token_gets_403" time="0.022" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAuthEnforcement" name="test_wrong_group_gets_403" time="0.030" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAPIKeySubscriptionBinding" name="test_create_api_key_uses_highest_priority_subscription" time="0.307" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAPIKeySubscriptionBinding" name="test_create_api_key_with_explicit_simulator_subscription" time="0.063" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestAPIKeySubscriptionBinding" name="test_create_api_key_nonexistent_subscription_errors" time="0.253" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement" name="test_subscribed_user_gets_200" time="0.035" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement" name="test_auth_pass_no_subscription_gets_403" time="16.392" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement" name="test_rate_limit_exhaustion_gets_429" time="24.902"><failure message="RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500">self = &lt;test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement object at 0x7fed9e715520&gt;

    def test_rate_limit_exhaustion_gets_429(self):
        """
        Test that a user gets 429 when they actually exceed their token rate limit.
    
        This test creates a dedicated subscription with a very low token limit,
        sends enough requests to exhaust it, and verifies a 429 response.
    
        Uses the unconfigured model to avoid interfering with other tests.
        """
        # Use unconfigured model to isolate this test
        model_ref = UNCONFIGURED_MODEL_REF
        model_path = UNCONFIGURED_MODEL_PATH
    
        # Create unique subscription and auth policy names
        auth_policy_name = "e2e-rate-limit-test-auth"
        subscription_name = "e2e-rate-limit-test-subscription"
    
        # Low limit so we exhaust it quickly. Actual tokens consumed per
        # response are non-deterministic (max_tokens is a ceiling, not exact),
        # so we send enough requests to be confident we hit the limit without
        # asserting exactly when the 429 arrives.
        token_limit = 10
        window = "1m"
        total_requests = 15
    
        try:
            # 1. Create auth policy allowing system:authenticated
            _create_test_auth_policy(
                name=auth_policy_name,
                model_refs=[model_ref],
                groups=["system:authenticated"]
            )
            _wait_reconcile()
    
            # 2. Create subscription with low token limit
            _create_test_subscription(
                name=subscription_name,
                model_refs=[model_ref],
                groups=["system:authenticated"],
                token_limit=token_limit,
                window=window
            )
            _wait_reconcile()
    
            # Wait for TRLP to be created AND enforced by Kuadrant/Limitador.
            # Without this, requests bypass token rate limiting entirely.
            _wait_for_token_rate_limit_policy(model_ref, model_namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE, timeout=90)
    
            # 3. API key must be minted for this subscription
            oc_token = _get_cluster_token()
&gt;           api_key = _create_api_key(
                oc_token,
                name=f"e2e-rate-limit-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}",
                subscription=subscription_name,
            )

test/e2e/tests/test_subscription.py:466: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

oc_token = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6InRfeVh6bHhqQS0wT2F5U1ZSbEpPWTgzNGJMM0NjRlBCWjBMc29kWi1nakEifQ.eyJhdWQiOlsiaHR0cHM6Ly9wcm...s9ojJ53ma23mmh1Nn1HLgwIhK8hdD8JEMlNa178Ow-kS3yb4Ytl6CpQ3oP2XrWOYGSOeiudhgtC8y-6puJ0wt4lw4fqXEq6JwMSxKYY71WYgpKMwnwoi9A'
name = 'e2e-rate-limit-cbf47904'
subscription = 'e2e-rate-limit-test-subscription'

    def _create_api_key(oc_token: str, name: str = None, subscription: str = None) -&gt; str:
        """Create an API key using the MaaS API and return the plaintext key.
    
        Args:
            oc_token: OC token for authentication with maas-api
            name: Optional name for the key (auto-generated if not provided)
            subscription: Optional MaaSSubscription name to bind (highest-priority auto-bind if omitted)
    
        Returns:
            The plaintext API key (sk-oai-xxx format)
        """
        r = _create_api_key_raw(oc_token, name, subscription)
        if r.status_code not in (200, 201):
&gt;           raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create API key: {r.status_code} {r.text}")
E           RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500

test/e2e/tests/test_helper.py:243: RuntimeError</failure></testcase><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement" name="test_models_endpoint_exempt_from_rate_limiting" time="25.112"><failure message="RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500">self = &lt;test_subscription.TestSubscriptionEnforcement object at 0x7fed9e715a30&gt;

    def test_models_endpoint_exempt_from_rate_limiting(self):
        """
        Test that /v1/models endpoint remains accessible when token quota is exhausted.
    
        This verifies that users can discover model capabilities even when they've
        used all their inference tokens. The /v1/models endpoint is a discovery/metadata
        endpoint that does not consume tokens and should remain accessible.
    
        Ref: https://issues.redhat.com/browse/RHOAIENG-46770
    
        Test steps:
        1. Create subscription with very low token limit (15 tokens)
        2. Exhaust the limit with inference requests (5 requests × 3 tokens = 15)
        3. Verify inference requests get 429 (rate limited)
        4. Verify /v1/models endpoint still returns 200 (not rate limited)
        """
        # Use unconfigured model to isolate this test
        model_ref = UNCONFIGURED_MODEL_REF
        model_path = UNCONFIGURED_MODEL_PATH
    
        # Create unique subscription and auth policy names
        auth_policy_name = "e2e-models-exempt-test-auth"
        subscription_name = "e2e-models-exempt-test-subscription"
    
        # Very low limit for fast, deterministic test
        # With 3 token limit and max_tokens=1, we're guaranteed to exhaust quota within 5 requests
        # (even if each request uses exactly 1 token: 5 requests &gt; 3 token limit)
        token_limit = 3
        window = "1m"
        max_tokens = 1
    
        try:
            # 1. Create auth policy allowing system:authenticated
            _create_test_auth_policy(
                name=auth_policy_name,
                model_refs=[model_ref],
                groups=["system:authenticated"]
            )
            _wait_reconcile()
            _wait_for_maas_auth_policy_phase(auth_policy_name, timeout=90)
    
            # 2. Create subscription with low token limit
            _create_test_subscription(
                name=subscription_name,
                model_refs=[model_ref],
                groups=["system:authenticated"],
                token_limit=token_limit,
                window=window
            )
            _wait_reconcile()
            _wait_for_maas_subscription_phase(subscription_name, timeout=90)
    
            # Wait for TRLP to be created AND enforced by Kuadrant/Limitador
            _wait_for_token_rate_limit_policy(model_ref, model_namespace=MODEL_NAMESPACE, timeout=90)
    
            # 3. Create API key for this subscription
            oc_token = _get_cluster_token()
&gt;           api_key = _create_api_key(
                oc_token,
                name=f"e2e-models-exempt-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}",
                subscription=subscription_name,
            )

test/e2e/tests/test_subscription.py:587: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

oc_token = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6InRfeVh6bHhqQS0wT2F5U1ZSbEpPWTgzNGJMM0NjRlBCWjBMc29kWi1nakEifQ.eyJhdWQiOlsiaHR0cHM6Ly9wcm...s9ojJ53ma23mmh1Nn1HLgwIhK8hdD8JEMlNa178Ow-kS3yb4Ytl6CpQ3oP2XrWOYGSOeiudhgtC8y-6puJ0wt4lw4fqXEq6JwMSxKYY71WYgpKMwnwoi9A'
name = 'e2e-models-exempt-e930a86d'
subscription = 'e2e-models-exempt-test-subscription'

    def _create_api_key(oc_token: str, name: str = None, subscription: str = None) -&gt; str:
        """Create an API key using the MaaS API and return the plaintext key.
    
        Args:
            oc_token: OC token for authentication with maas-api
            name: Optional name for the key (auto-generated if not provided)
            subscription: Optional MaaSSubscription name to bind (highest-priority auto-bind if omitted)
    
        Returns:
            The plaintext API key (sk-oai-xxx format)
        """
        r = _create_api_key_raw(oc_token, name, subscription)
        if r.status_code not in (200, 201):
&gt;           raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create API key: {r.status_code} {r.text}")
E           RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500

test/e2e/tests/test_helper.py:243: RuntimeError</failure></testcase><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestMultipleSubscriptionsPerModel" name="test_user_in_one_of_two_subscriptions_gets_200" time="28.787" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestMultipleAuthPoliciesPerModel" name="test_two_auth_policies_or_logic" time="16.796" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestMultipleAuthPoliciesPerModel" name="test_delete_one_auth_policy_other_still_works" time="24.526" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestCascadeDeletion" name="test_delete_subscription_rebuilds_trlp" time="8.527" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestCascadeDeletion" name="test_trlp_persists_during_multi_subscription_deletion" time="33.337" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestCascadeDeletion" name="test_delete_last_subscription_denies_access" time="8.473" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestCascadeDeletion" name="test_unconfigured_model_denied_by_gateway_auth" time="0.493" /><testcase classname="test.e2e.tests.test_subscription.TestOrderingEdgeCases" name="test_subscription_before_auth_policy" time="16.635"><failure message="RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500">self = &lt;test_subscription.TestOrderingEdgeCases object at 0x7fed9e715070&gt;

    def test_subscription_before_auth_policy(self):
        """Create subscription first, then auth policy -&gt; should work once both exist."""
        ns = _ns()
        try:
            # Subscription CR must exist before minting a key bound to it
            _apply_cr({
                "apiVersion": "maas.opendatahub.io/v1alpha1",
                "kind": "MaaSSubscription",
                "metadata": {"name": "e2e-ordering-sub", "namespace": ns},
                "spec": {
                    "owner": {"groups": [{"name": "system:authenticated"}]},
                    "modelRefs": [{"name": PREMIUM_MODEL_REF, "namespace": MODEL_NAMESPACE, "tokenRateLimits": [{"limit": 100, "window": "1m"}]}],
                },
            })
            _wait_reconcile()
            _wait_for_maas_subscription_phase("e2e-ordering-sub", namespace=ns, timeout=90)
    
&gt;           api_key = _create_api_key(
                _get_cluster_token(),
                name=f"e2e-ordering-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:8]}",
                subscription="e2e-ordering-sub",
            )

test/e2e/tests/test_subscription.py:985: 
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 

oc_token = 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6InRfeVh6bHhqQS0wT2F5U1ZSbEpPWTgzNGJMM0NjRlBCWjBMc29kWi1nakEifQ.eyJhdWQiOlsiaHR0cHM6Ly9wcm...s9ojJ53ma23mmh1Nn1HLgwIhK8hdD8JEMlNa178Ow-kS3yb4Ytl6CpQ3oP2XrWOYGSOeiudhgtC8y-6puJ0wt4lw4fqXEq6JwMSxKYY71WYgpKMwnwoi9A'
name = 'e2e-ordering-039f7a5f', subscription = 'e2e-ordering-sub'

    def _create_api_key(oc_token: str, name: str = None, subscription: str = None) -&gt; str:
        """Create an API key using the MaaS API and return the plaintext key.
    
        Args:
            oc_token: OC token for authentication with maas-api
            name: Optional name for the key (auto-generated if not provided)
            subscription: Optional MaaSSubscription name to bind (highest-priority auto-bind if omitted)
    
        Returns:
            The plaintext API key (sk-oai-xxx format)
        """
        r = _create_api_key_raw(oc_token, name, subscription)
        if r.status_code not in (200, 201):
&gt;           raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to create API key: {r.status_code} {r.text}")
E           RuntimeError: Failed to create API key: 500

test/e2e/tests/test_helper.py:243: RuntimeError</failure></testcase></testsuite></testsuites>